Celastrus paniculatus oil ameliorates synaptic plasticity in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of action of Celastrus paniculatus oil on the treatment of perinatal rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: In the perinatal stage, the rats were either isolated or administered with lead acetate to establish an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Atomoxetine served as the reference standard. Animals' behaviours were assessed through Y-maze, novel object preference, fear conditioning and residentintruder aggression tests. Oxidative stress parameters, bioamine concentration (dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine), nerve growth factor, interleukin-6, nuclear factor-κB, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were estimated. Synaptophysin immunohistochemical assay was performed. Results: Celastrus paniculatus oil significantly improved behavioural parameters in Y maze, novel object preference, discrimination index, fear conditioning and resident intruder aggressive tests. The treatment groups showed a decrease in malondialdehyde level. Changes in the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin were restored by Celastrus paniculatus oil. Celastrus paniculatus oil increased nerve growth factor and decreased interleukin-6, nuclear factor-κB, and TNF-α. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was also improved by Celastrus paniculatus oil with alleviated reactive gliosis, degeneration, and vascular proliferation. Conclusions: This research shows the therapeutic potential of Celastrus paniculatus oil for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Celastrus paniculatus oil ameliorates synaptic plasticity in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of action of Celastrus paniculatus oil on the treatment of perinatal rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: In the perinatal stage, the rats were either isolated or administered with lead acetate to establish an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Atomoxetine served as the reference standard. Animals' behaviours were assessed through Y-maze, novel object preference, fear conditioning and resident-intruder aggression tests. Oxidative stress parameters, bioamine concentration (dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine), nerve growth factor, interleukin-6, nuclear factor-κB, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were estimated. Synaptophysin immunohistochemical assay was performed. Results: Celastrus paniculatus oil significantly improved behavioural parameters in Y maze, novel object preference, discrimination index, fear conditioning and resident intruder aggressive tests. The treatment groups showed a decrease in malondialdehyde level. Changes in the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin were restored by Celastrus paniculatus oil. Celastrus paniculatus oil increased nerve growth factor and decreased interleukin-6, nuclear factor-κB, and TNF-α. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was also improved by Celastrus paniculatus oil with alleviated reactive gliosis, degeneration, and vascular proliferation. Conclusions: This research shows the therapeutic potential of Celastrus paniculatus oil for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Fusion expression with catalase improves the stability of multicopper oxidase and its efficiency in degrading biogenic amines / 生物工程学报

Some enzymes belonging to the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family can degrade the hazardous biogenic amine (BA) present in food. However, the oxidation of MCO in the process of degrading BAs may reduce its activity and stability, resulting in decreased catalytic efficiency. In this work, an MCO from Lactobacillus fermentum (MCOF) was fused with a Bacillus subtilis catalase (CAT) using different strategies and the fusion enzymes were respectively expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The tolerance of eight fused MCOFs to H2O2 increased by 51%-68%, and the stability of CAT&MCOF increased by 17%, compared to the wild type MCOF. Using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) as a substrate, the substrate affinity (Km), the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and the molar specific activity of CAT&MCOF increased by 1.0-fold, 1.7-fold and 1.2-fold than those of MCOF, respectively. The stability of CAT&MCOF under acidic conditions (pH 2.5-4.5) and moderate temperatures (35-55 °C) also improved. Moreover, the degradation rates of putrescine, cadaverine and histamine catalyzed by CAT&MCOF reached 31.7%, 36.0% and 57.8%, respectively, which increased by 132.5%, 45.7% and 38.9% compared to that of MCOF. The improvement on the stability and catalytic efficiency of MCOF by fusion expression with CAT provides a good example for improving the applicability of enzymes through molecular modifications.

Comparative study on chemical constituents of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum in different forms of Cervus nipport / 中草药

Objective: In order to study the differences in chemical constituents of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum in different forms of Cervus nipport. Methods: The content of polysaccharides, crude protein, amino acids, collagen, fatty acids, mineral elements, biogenic amines, nucleosides, and chondroitin sulfate composition of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum in different forms of C. nipport was determined and compared by using UV spectrophotometer, Dumas azotometer, automatic amino acid analyzer, UPLC, HPLC, gas chromatograph, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and atomic fluorescence photometer. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the quality of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum. Results: The content of polysaccharide, crude protein, amino acid, collagen, fatty acid, mineral element, biogenic amine, nucleoside and chondroitin sulfate in one-branched velvet antler was 8.40 mg/g, 44.82%, 42.24%, 23.23%, 6 234.69 mg/kg, 145.69 mg/g, 55.12 mg/kg, 2 271.87 mg/kg, and 0.74 mg/g, respectively; The content in two-branched velvet antler was 8.14 mg/g, 52.12%, 48.57%, 21.50%, 8 684.27 mg/kg, 126.40 mg/g, 76.14 mg/kg, 3 438.37 mg/kg, and 1.94 mg/g, respectively; The content in three-branched velvet antler was 8.64 mg/g, 51.86%, 45.49%, 22.31%, 9 100.78 mg/kg, 138.36 mg/g, 70.75 mg/kg, 2 507.82 mg/kg, and 1.84 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion: The chemical composition of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum in different forms of C. nipport was different. The results of principal component analysis showed that the quality of the two-branched velvet antler was the best, the three-branched velvet antler was the second, the one-branched velvet antler was the worst. This study provides a reference for the quality evaluation and grading standards of different forms of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum.

Expression and characterization of a multicopper oxidase from Lactobacillus fermentum / 生物工程学报

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight organic compounds that present in fermented foods. Large amount of ingested biogenic amines can cause allergy or significant symptoms. Reduction of BAs by enzymatic reaction in fermented foods is one of the most efficient methods for removal of biohazard compounds and assurance food safety. In this study, the multicopper oxidase (MCO) gene in the genome of Lactobacillus fermentum was successfully cloned in Escherichia coli BL21 and expressed at 484 U/L. The recombinant MCO was purified by the immobilized metal affinity chromatography method. The optimal reaction temperature and pH for this enzyme was detected to be 50 °C and 3.5. The Km and Vmax values of the recombinant MCO was determined to be 1.30 mmol/L and 7.67×10⁻² mmol/(L·min). Moreover, this MCO dramatically degrades histamine and tyramine by 51.6% and 40.9%, and can degrade other BAs including tryptamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine, and was found to be tolerant to 18% (W/V) NaCl. The recombinant MCO is also capable of degrading BAs in soy sauce. The degradation rate of total BAs in soy sauce reaches 10.6% though a relatively low level of enzyme (500 U/L) is used. Multicopper oxidase has the potential to degrade biogenic amines in fermented foods, which lays a foundation for the further application of this kind of food enzymes.

Potential biogenic amine-producing bacteria in ripened cheeses

This study aimed to determine which of the eight cheese varieties (Prato, Standard Minas, Gorgonzola-, Moleson-, Raclette-,Gruyère-, Sbrinz- and Reblochon-types) prepared at a dairy processing plant in the state of Rio de Janeiro had higher concentration of biogenic amines (BA) (putrescine, cadaverine, yramine, histamine, spermidine and spermine), to detect which BA were produced at higher oncentrations and to determine if the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, biogenic amine producing bacteria (BAPB) or physical-chemical parameters (pH, titratable acidity, fat, moisture, total solids, protein, ash and chloride) ould be correlated with BA production in the eight matured cheese varieties. Moleson-type cheese (72.50 mg.Kg-1) followed by Standard Minas (107.00mg.Kg-1) showed the lowest levels of biogenic amines. Prato (699.29 mg.Kg-1) and Gorgonzola-type (936.37 mg.Kg-1) cheeses contained larger amounts of BA. Concentrations of tyramine exceeded the maximum permissible limit in all varieties of cheese. Although the presence of potentially BA-producing bacteria was confirmed in all samples of cheese, there was no correlation with BA content produced in cheeses. Gorgonzola-type cheese showed a positive correlation with the amount of BA in the isolates. Gorgonzola-type, Sbrinz-type and Prato cheeses seem to require greater care in monitoring the presence of biogenic amines, particularly because tyramine reached the highest levels in these varieties. Regardless of the analysed cheese, physical and chemical parameters did not affect the amount of BA produced. An assessment of the capacity to produce biogenic amines should be included as a selection criterion for starter cultures for ripened cheeses.

Biogenic amines and mycotoxins concentrations in baled silage from organic and conventional farms / Concentrações de aminas biogênicas e micotoxinas em silagem embalada de fazendas orgânicas e convencionais

The aim of the current study was to investigate biogenic amines and mycotoxins concentrations in baled silage (mainly Poaceae family grasses) prepared in organic and conventional farms and to relate these parameters to fermentative parameters. The mean dry matter (DM) content was 364.10±93.31 and 424.70±95.93g/kg in the silage from organic and conventional farms respectively. The silage samples from organic farms had 17.00% higher (P≤ 0.05) tyramine (TY) than the silage from conventional farms. Conventional farm samples were characterized by 46.00% higher histamine (HIS) (P≤ 0.05), 9.80% higher putrescine (PUT) (P≤ 0.05), 17.30% higher cadaverine (CAD) (P≤ 0.05). Aflatoxins (AFL) (total) and zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 concentrations were higher respectively 16.00% (P≤ 0.05) and 13.40% (P≤ 0.05), 1.80% (P≤ 0.05) in the silage prepared in organic farms. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration was higher 42.40% (P≤ 0.05) in silage from conventional farms. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid, ethanol, pH and ammonia nitrogen showed that the silage samples from organic and conventional farms were of good quality. Our study suggests differences in biogenic amine formation or mycotoxins content in silage from organic and conventional farming, but, overall, the measured values are too low to be relevant for animal health. Furthermore, these differences might as well be due to the difference in dry matter content and plant maturity between the organic and conventional silage samples.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar concentrações de aminas biogênicas micotoxinas em silagem embalada (principalmente gramíneas da família Poaceae) preparada em fazendas orgânicas e convencionais e relacionar esses parâmetros a parâmetros fermentativos. A massa seca média (MS) foi 364,10±93,31 e 424,70±95,93g/kg na silagem de fazendas orgânicas e convencionais, respectivamente. As amostras de silagem de fazendas orgânicas tinham 17% a mais de tyramina (TY) (p≤ 0,05) que as de fazendas convencionais. As amostras de fazendas convencionais foram caracterizadas por histamina (HIS) 46,00% mais alta (P≤ 0,05), 9,80% putrecina (PUT) mais alta (P≤ 0,05), 17,30% de cadaverina (CAD) mais alta (P≤ 0,05). Aflatoxnas (AFL) (total) e zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 tinham concentrações mais altas em respectivamente 16,00% (P≤ 0,05) e 13,40% (P≤ 0,05), 1,80% (P≤ 0,05) na silagem preparada em fazendas orgânicas. Deoxinivalenol (DON) tinha concentração mais alta 42,40% (P≤ 0,05) na silagem de fazendas convencionais. Ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), ácido lático, etanol, pH e nitrogênio de amônia mostraram que as amostras de silagem de fazendas orgânicas e convencionais tinham boa qualidade. Nosso estudo sugere diferenças na formação biogênica de amônia ou micotoxinas em silagem de fazendas orgânicas ou convencionais mas, em geral, os valores medidos foram muito baixos para serem relevantes à saúde animal. Ademais, essas diferenças podem ser devido à diferença na matéria sólida e maturidade da planta entre as amostras de silagem orgânica e convencional.(AU)

Highly Sensitive Detection of Spermine Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Gold Nanoclusters / 分析化学

A new type of fluorescent gold nanoclusters (MU-Au NCs) was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method using ammonium benzoate murexide (MU) as reducing agent and protecting agent.The synthesis method was simple and rapid.Based on the fluorescence quenching ability of spermine, a turn off type fluorescence analysis method was established for rapid and ultra sensitive detection of spermine.The linear range for detection of spermine was 0.003-300 μmol/L and the detection limit was 1 nmol/L (S/N=3).The established analytical method of spermine provided theoretical basis and reference for construction of spermine biosensor and actual sample detection.

Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Histamine Levels in Selected Foods

BACKGROUND: Histamine in food is known to cause food poisoning and allergic reactions. We usually ingest histamine in cooked food, but there are few studies about the influence of cooking method on the histamine level. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of cooking methods on the concentration of histamine in foods. METHODS: The foods chosen were those kinds consumed frequently and cooked by grilling, boiling, and frying. The histamine level of the food was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Grilled seafood had higher histamine levels than raw or boiled seafood. For meat, grilling increased the histamine level, whereas boiling decreased it. For eggs, there was not much difference in histamine level according to cooking method. Fried vegetables had higher histamine levels than raw vegetables. And fermented foods didn't show much difference in histamine level after being boiled. CONCLUSION: The histamine level in food has changed according to the cooking method used to prepare it. Frying and grilling increased histamine level in foods, whereas boiling had little influence or even decreased it. The boiling method might be helpful to control the effect of histamine in histamine-sensitive or susceptible patients, compared with frying and grilling.

Bacteria isolated from Korean black raspberry vinegar with low biogenic amine production in wine

Abstract A high concentration of histamine, one of the biogenic amines (BAs) usually found in fermented foods, can cause undesirable physiological side effects in sensitive humans. The objective of this study is to isolate indigenous Acetobacter strains from naturally fermented Bokbunja vinegar in Korea with reduced histamine production during starter fermentation. Further, we examined its physiological and biochemical properties, including BA synthesis. The obtained strain MBA-77, identified as Acetobacter aceti by 16S rDNA homology and biochemical analysis and named A. aceti MBA-77. A. aceti MBA-77 showed optimal acidity % production at pH 5; the optimal temperature was 25 °C. When we prepared and examined the BAs synthesis spectrum during the fermentation process, Bokbunja wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that the histamine concentration increased from 2.72 of Bokbunja extract to 5.29 mg/L and cadaverine and dopamine was decreased to 2.6 and 10.12 mg/L, respectively. Bokbunja vinegar prepared by A. aceti MBA-77 as the starter, the histamine concentration of the vinegar preparation step was decreased up to 3.66 mg/L from 5.29 mg/L in the wine preparation step. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate acetic acid bacteria isolated from Bokbunja seed vinegar with low spectrum BA and would be useful for wellbeing vinegar preparation.

Avaliação da qualidade interna de ovos de consumo pela pesquisa do teor de aminas bioativas / Evaluation of the internal quality of commercial eggs by searching of the bioactive levels

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade dos ovos de consumo pela pesquisa dos níveis de aminas bioativas, foram coletados, pelos serviços de inspeção oficiais, 224 amostras de ovos provenientes de cinco regiões distintas do estado de Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. As aminas biogênicas (putrescina, cadaverina, feniletilamina, histamina e tiramina) e as poliaminas (espermidina e espermina) foram pesquisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detecção ultravioleta (CLAE/UV) após derivação pré-coluna com cloreto de dansila. Os resultados demonstraram que a putrescina estava presente, em baixas concentrações, em todas as amostras de gema e de albúmen. As demais aminas também foram detectadas, porém em menor frequência, e a espermina somente foi encontrada em uma amostra de albúmen. Foi concluído que os ovos de consumo produzidos no estado de Minas Gerais não são uma fonte considerável de poliaminas, importantes para o crescimento e a proliferação celular, e os baixos teores de aminas biogênicas, formadas pela descarboxilação de aminoácidos por enzimas bacterianas, não representam riscos à saúde do consumidor, o que indica que o ovo apresenta boa qualidade, tomando por base o critério de aminas bioativas.

In order to evaluate the quality of commercial eggs by searching the bioactive amine levels, 224 samples of eggs from the five regions of Minas Gerais State were collected during one year by the official inspection service. The biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, phenylethylamine, histamine and tyramine) and the polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) and pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The results demonstrated the presence of putrescine in all samples of yolk and albumen, but in low concentrations. The other amines were also detected, however, with a lower frequency, and spermine was found only in one sample of albumen. It was concluded that the commercial eggs produced in Minas Gerais State are not a considerable source of polyamines, important for growth and cell proliferation; and low levels of biogenic amine, formed by decarboxylation of amino acids by bacterial enzymes, do not represent risks to consumer health, indicating that it has good quality, based on the bioactive amine criterion.

Aminas bioativas e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte / Bioactive amines and meat quality of broiler chickens

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte mediante pesquisa dos níveis de aminas bioativas, foram coletadas, pelos serviços de inspeção oficiais, 160 amostras de carcaças provenientes de cinco regiões distintas do estado de Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. As poliaminas (espermidina e espermina) e as aminas biogênicas (putrescina, cadaverina, histamina, tiramina) foram pesquisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detecção ultravioleta (CLAE/UV). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram a presença das poliaminas, espermidina e espermina, em todas as amostras, em concentrações médias de 3,56mg/100g e 5,72mg/100g, respectivamente. Em todas as amostras foram detectadas, em concentrações muito baixas, as aminas putrescina, cadaverina, histamina e tiramina. Foi concluído que a carne de frangos de corte produzida no estado de Minas Gerais é uma fonte de poliaminas, importantes para o crescimento e a proliferação celular, e que os baixos teores de aminas biogênicas encontrados não representam riscos à saúde do consumidor, indicando que esse tipo de carne apresenta boa qualidade, tomando por base o critério de aminas bioativas.

In order to evaluate the meat quality of broiler chickens by searching the bioactive amines level, 160 samples of carcass from the five regions of the Minas Gerais State, were collected during one year by the official inspection service. The poliamines (spermidine and spermine) and the biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). The results demonstrated the presence of polyamines spermidine and spermine in all samples, at mean concentrations of 3.56mg/100g and 5.72mg/100g, respectively. The biogenic amines putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were also found, but in low concentrations. It was concluded that the chicken broiler meat produced in Minas Gerais state is a source of polyamines, important for growth and cell proliferation; and that the biogenic amine levels found were low, and do not represent risks to consumer health, indicating that it has good quality, based on the criterion of bioactive amine.

Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Modulates the Level of Neurotransmitters

This study was aimed to observe that extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) may be relevant to changes of major neurotransmitters in rat brain. After the exposure to ELF-MF (60 Hz, 2.0 mT) for 2 or 5 days, we measured the levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites, amino acid neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (NO) in the cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. The exposure of ELF-MF for 2 or 5 days produced significant differences in norepinephrine and vanillyl mandelic acid in the striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. Significant increases in the levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were also observed in the striatum, thalamus or hippocampus. ELF-MF significantly increased the concentration of dopamine in the thalamus. ELF-MF tended to increase the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters such as glutamine, glycine and gamma -aminobutyric acid in the striatum and thalamus, whereas it decreased the levels in the cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus. ELF-MF significantly increased NO concentration in the striatum, thalamus and hippocampus. The present study has demonstrated that exposure to ELF-MFs may evoke the changes in the levels of biogenic amines, amino acid and NO in the brain although the extent and property vary with the brain areas. However, the mechanisms remain further to be characterized.

Parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais na avaliação da qualidade da piramutaba (brachyplatystoma vaillantii, valenciennes, 1840) inteira estocada em gelo / Physicochemical and sensory parameter in the quality evaluation of the entire piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, Valenciennes, 1840) stored on ice

A piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) é um peixe dulcícola de grande importância econômica para o estado do Pará. Durante a captura, manipulação, transporte e comercialização como peixe fresco, diversos metabólitos decorrentes de eventos bioquímicos podem ser formados, acarretando a deterioração do peixe. Estes metabólito,s ao serem analisados, caracterizam analiticamente o frescor do pescado. Os atributos sensoriais são de extrema relevância para estimar o frescor. Devido à escassez de dados sobre a qualidade da piramutaba capturada no litoral do estado do Pará, o presente estudo teve como objetivo acompanhar as alterações físico-químicas da piramutaba inteira estocada em gelo (0+1o C) por 0, 4, 7, 10, 14 e 18 dias e correlacionar tais alterações com as características sensoriais de aparência e odor durante este período, utilizando um protocolo elaborado pelo Método de Índice de Qualidade (QIM) especificamente para a espécie de peixe estudada. A qualidade de 68 amostras de piramutaba foi avaliada com relação às características sensoriais, pH, Bases Voláteis Totais (BVT), trimetilamina (TMA), aminas biogênicas (histamina, putrescina e cadaverina), reação para amônia (NH3 ) e gás sulfídrico (H2 S). Considerando os resultados de BVT, sugere-se o valor de 20,00 mgN/100g como limite de aceitação para este parâmetro. A histamina foi detectada no 10º dia e a putrescina a partir do 14º dia de estocagem, NH3 foi positivo para todos os tempos estudados e H2 S negativos até o fim do tempo de estocagem. Considerando o protocolo QIM e os resultados das análises físico-químicos, o prazo de validade comercial estipulado para piramutaba quando mantida sob temperaturas de refrigeração (0+1o C) foi de 10 dias, sendo a avaliação sensorial eficiente na observação dos padrões de identidade e qualidade para peixe fresco, mantendo as características de qualidade. A determinação de pH, as quantificações de BVT e TMA, as análises das aminas biogênicas, NH3 e H2 S não foram conclusivas para avaliar o frescor da carne da piramutaba por se tratar de um peixe de água doce.

The piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) is a freshwater fish of great economic importance to the state of Pará during the capture, handling, transportation and marketing as fresh fish, several compounds are formed due to biochemical events that result in the deterioration of fish and can be used for physicochemical evaluation of fish freshness by means of analytical procedures. Moreover, the quality of fresh fish can be evaluated by sensory characteristics. Due to the paucity of data on the quality of piramutaba captured off the Para State's coast, this study aimed to track changes in physical-chemical of the whole piramutaba stored on ice (0 ±1°C) for 0, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 18 days and correlate these changes with the sensory qualities of appearance and odor during this period using a protocol Quality Index designed specifically for the studied fish species. The quality of 68 piramutaba samples was evaluated taking into consideration the sensory characteristics, pH, total volatile bases (TVB), trimethylamine (TMA), biogenic amines (histamine, putrescine and cadaverine), reaction for ammonia (NH3 ) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S). According to the results obtained from BVT, we suggest the value of 20.00 mgN/100g as acceptance limits for this parameter. Histamine was detected at day 10, and histamine and putrescine from the 14th day of storage, not exceeding the limits of Brazilian legislation. All test results were positive for NH3 and H2 S negative since the first day of storage. Considering the protocol MIQ and the results of the physicochemical tests, the expiry date stipulated for commercial piramutaba when kept under refrigeration temperatures (0 ±1°C) was 10 days, the sensory evaluation effectively observing the patterns of identity and quality for fresh fish, as they maintained acceptable sensory characteristics. The determination of pH, measurements of TVB and TMA, the analysis of biogenic amines, NH3 and H2 S were not conclusive to evaluate the freshness of meat piramutaba because it is a freshwater fish.

O risco das aminas biogênicas nos alimentos / The risk of biogenic amines in food

Aminas biogênicas são bases orgânicas de baixo peso molecular com atividade biológica, produzidas a partir da ação da enzima descarboxilase. Microrganismos utilizados na fermentação de alimentos são capazes de produzi-las. O consumo desses compostos causam graves efeitos toxicológicos, indesejáveis para a saúde humana. Embora não exista legislação específica sobre a quantidade máxima permitida de aminas em alimentos e bebidas, a presença e o acumulo destes compostos é de grande importância. O objetivo desta revisão é evidenciar a necessidade de mais estudos e discutir a presença de aminas biogênicas em alimentos variados.

Biogenic amines are low molecular weight organic bases with biological activity, produced by the action of the decarboxylase enzyme. Microorganisms used in food fermentation are able to produce them. Consumption of these compounds causes serious toxicological effects, which are undesirable for human health. Although there is no specific legislation regarding the amine content in food and beverages, the presence and accumulation of amines is a matter of great importance. The aim of this review is to highlight the need for further studies and foment debate about the presence of biogenic amines in a variety of foods.

Chromatographic methods for biogenic amines determination in foods of animal origin / Métodos cromatográficos para determinar aminas biogênicasem alimentos de origem animal

Biogenic amines (BAs) are formed as a result of specific free amino acid decarboxylation. Analysis of these metabolitesmay be of great importance to determine food quality and for monitoring the levels of biogenic amines such as histamineand tyramine related to intoxication episodes in humans. Chromatography is a chemistry separation technique usedto characterize biogenic amines in foods. Variations of this technique (liquid, thin layer and gas chromatography)have been widely applied; however, the food matrix complex requires that changes in the methodology of extraction,derivatization and detection must be performed according to each group of foods. High-performance liquidchromatography is the most widely used chromatographic method applied for biogenic amines in foods. However, dueto the current importance of biogenic amines in quality control and consumer safety, researchers try to develop newmethods for a fast, reliable analysis of foods in the market. This review presents some chromatographic techniquesapplied to monitoring BAs in different foods of animal origin...

Aminas biogênicas são formadas como resultado da descarboxilação de aminoácidos livres específicos. A análise dessesmetabólitos é de grande importância na determinação da qualidade e monitoramento de biogênicas como histamina etiramina relacionadas com episódios de intoxicação em humanos. A cromatografia é uma técnica de separação químicausada para caracterizar aminas biogênicas. Variações da técnica (cromatografia líquida, em camada delgada e gasosa)têm sido amplamente usadas, porém a complexidade da matriz alimentar faz com que sejam realizadas mudanças nosprocessos de extração, derivatização e detecção em concordância com cada grupo de alimento. A cromatografia líquidade alta eficiência (CLAE) é o método mais utilizado na determinação de aminas biogênicas em alimentos. Contudo,devido à importância das aminas biogênicas no controle da qualidade e a segurança do consumidor, os pesquisadorestentam desenvolver novos métodos com o intuito de uma análise mais rápida e precisa para o controle de alimentos nomercado. O objetivo da revisão é apresentar algumas técnicas cromatográficas aplicadas no monitoramento de aminasbiogênicas em produtos de origem animal...

The influences of fish infusion broth on the biogenic amines formation by lactic acid bacteria

The influences of fish infusion decarboxylase broth (IDB) on biogenic amines (BA) formation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were investigated. BA productions by single LAB strains were tested in five different fish (anchovy, mackerel, white shark, sardine and gilthead seabream) IDB. The result of the study showed that significant differences in ammonia (AMN) and BA production were observed among the LAB strains in fish IDB (p < 0.05). The highest AMN and TMA production by LAB strains were observed for white shark IDB. The all tested bacteria had decarboxylation activity in fish IDB. The uppermost accumulated amines by LAB strains were tyramine (TYM), dopamine, serotonin and spermidine. The maximum histamine production was observed in sardine (101.69 mg/L) and mackerel (100.84 mg/L) IDB by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris and Pediococcus acidophilus, respectively. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Pediococcus acidophilus had a high TYM producing capability (2943 mg/L and 1157 mg/L) in sardine IDB.

Validade comercial de sardinhas inteiras e refrigeradas avaliada por análises físico-químicas, bacteriológicas e sensorial / Shelf life of chilled and whole sardines evaluated by physical-chemical, bacteriological and sensory

A validade comercial de sardinhas das espécies Sardinella brasiliensis e Cetengraulis edentulus mantidas sob refrigeração em gelo (0+2°C) foi determinada por parâmetros analíticos físico-químicos, bacteriológicos e sensorial. Nas duas amostras, os teores de Bases Voláteis Totais (BVT) e Trimetilamina (TMA) atingiram o limite máximo recomendado na legislação (30mg N100g-1 para BVT e 4mg N100g-1 para TMA) após 14 e 8 dias de estocagem, respectivamente. O conteúdo de histamina, putrescina e cadaverina se manteve em níveis inferiores a 2.0µg g-1 nas duas amostras durante o período de estocagem. A produção de hipoxantina variou de 0,65 a 2,62µmol g-1 nas amostras de S. brasiliensis e de 1,40 a 2,09µmol g-1 nas amostras de C. edentulus. A contagem inicial de Enterobacteriaceae foi de 3,81log UFC g-1 e 3,82log UFC g-1 atingindo, ao final de 18 dias de estocagem, 6,57log UFC g-1 e 6,87log UFC g-1, nas amostras de S. brasiliensis e C. edentulus, respectivamente. Para as contagens de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas e psicrotróficas, o limite de 7log UFC g-1 preconizado na legislação internacional foi alcançado após o 12° e 8° dias de estocagem nas amostras de S. brasiliensis e após o 12° e 6° dias de estocagem nas amostras de C. edentulus, respectivamente. O método de índice de qualidade sugeriu, para as amostras de S. brasiliensis, um limite de consumo aceitável inferior a 11 e, para as amostras de C. edentulus, um limite de aceitabilidade inferior a 14. Foi proposta a validade comercial de dez dias para a S. brasiliensis e nove dias para o C. edentulus.

Theshelf life of sardines of Sardinella brasiliensis and Cetengraulis edentulus species kept on ice at +2°Cwas determined by physical-chemical, bacteriological and sensory parameters. In both samples, the levels of Total Volatile Bases (TVB) and Trimethylamine (TMA) reached the limits recommended by law (30mg N 100g-1 for TVB and 4mgN100g-1 for TMA) after 14 and 8 days of storage, respectively. The contents of histamine, putrescine and cadaverine remained at levels below 2.0µg g-1 in both samples during the storage period. The hypoxanthine production ranged from 0.65 to 2.62µmol g-1 in samples of S. brasiliensis and 1.40 to 2.09µmol g-1 in samples of C. edentulus. The initial count of Enterobacteriaceae was 3.81logCFU g-1 and 3.82logCFU g-1 reaching, after 18days of storage, 6.57logCFU g-1 and 6.87logCFU g-1, in samples of S. brasiliensis and C. edentulus, respectively. For heterotrophic bacteria aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic count the limit of 7logCFU g-1 recommended by international legislation was reached after12 and 8days of storage in samples of S. brasiliensis and after 12 and 6days of storage in samples of C. edentulus, respectively. The quality index method suggested for samples of S. brasiliensis, a limit of acceptable consumption less than 11 and for samples of C. edentulus a limit of acceptability below 14. As a result of this study, we recommend a shelf life of ten days for the S. brasiliensis and nine days for the C. edentulus.

Determinación de aminas biógenas en quesos madurados / Biogenic amines determination in ripened cheeses

Durante la maduración de los quesos se presentan condiciones (temperatura, pH, humedad, concentración de sales, disponibilidad de sustrato) que favorecen la actividad descarboxilante de las bacterias productoras de aminas biógenas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar y cuantificar las aminas biógenas: triptamina, putrescina, cadaverina, tiramina, histamina, espermina y espermidina, en 3 tipos de quesos madurados de producción nacional (Manchego, Brie y Parmesano), así como identificar Streptococcus, Brevibacterium y bacterias ácido lácticas presentes en estos quesos. Se analizaron 2 marcas para cada tipo de queso, por medio de la técnica de Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC), y se logró detectar 7 aminas biógenas. En el queso Manchego las aminas biógenas encontradas en mayor y menor concentración, respectivamente, fueron espermidina (120,22 ppm) y tiramina (43,10 ppm); en el queso Brie, la putrescina presentó la mayor concentración (145,25 ppm) mientras que la cadaverina fue detectada en menor concentración (38,41 ppm); en el queso Parmesano, espermina (142,88 ppm) y espermidina (49,82 ppm) fueron las aminas detectadas en mayor y menor concentración, respectivamente. Los contenidos promedios (ppm) de aminas biógenas por marca de queso madurado fueron: Manchego (M1): 617,60; (M2): 549,51; Brie (M1): 630,80; (M2): 823,67; Parmesano (M1): 667,72 y (M2): 633,47. Ninguno de los valores obtenidos excedió los límites máximos establecidos por la FAO/WHO como tolerables. El efecto de la marca de queso sobre la concentración de aminas biógenas no fue determinante, mientras que el efecto del tipo de queso influyó significativamente en la concentración de estas aminas. Se detectó la presencia de Streptococcus, Brevibacterium y bacterias ácido lácticas en cantidades inferiores a las reportadas en otras investigaciones. La ingesta de estos quesos madurados por consumidores susceptibles a los efectos tóxicos de estas aminas ...

There are conditions during cheese ripening (Temperature, pH, humidity, salt concentration, substrate availability) that induce decarboxilating activity by bacteria producing biogenic amines. The objective of this research was to identify and to quantify the presence of biogenic amines: triptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tiramine, histamine, spermine and spermidine in three types of cheese (Manchego, Brie and Parmesano), produced in Venezuela and to identify microorganisms Streptococcus, Brevibacterium and Lactic Acid Bacteria present in these cheeses. Two commercial brands of each type of cheese were analized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and seven biogenic amines were identifyed. In Manchego cheese the biogenic amines detected in higher and lower concentration were spermidine (120.22 ppm) and tiramine (43.10 ppm). Putrescine in Brie cheese had the highest concentration (145.25 ppm) and cadaverine in the same cheese the lowest concentration (38.41 ppm), meanwhile in Parmesano cheese spermine (142.88 ppm) and spermidine (49.82 ppm) were the biogenic amines detected in higher and lower concentrations, respectively. Biogenic amines average content by commercial brand expressed in ppm were: Manchego (TM1): 617.6, Manchego (TM2): 549.51; Brie (TM1): 630.8, Brie (TM2): 823.67; Parmesano (TM1): 667.72 and Parmesano (TM2): 633.47. None of the analized samples exceeded the limits reported by FAO/WHO as acceptable. Effect of commercial brand on biogenic amine content was not relevant, but type of cheese was significant. Streptococcus, Brevibacterium and Lactic Acid Bacteria were found in lower amount than other researches. Consume of ripened cheeses by people susceptible to biogenic amines, could represent a potential public health problem.

Aminas biógenas y bacterias en salchichón tipo milano: Efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento / Bacterial and Biogenic Amines in Milano Type Sausage: Storage Time Effect

La presencia de aminoácidos libres, bacterias descarboxilantes, temperatura y tiempo de almacenamiento son factores que favorecen la formación de aminas biógenas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento sobre la presencia de aminas biógenas y bacterias en salchichones tipo milano. Se utilizaron 9 salchichones enteros de tres marcas comerciales (tres unidades por marca), con fecha de vencimiento de dos meses. Las muestras se analizaron 60, 30 y 0 días antes del vencimiento. Se determinaron aminas biógenas por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), recuento de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), enterococos (ENTC) y enterobacterias (ENTB) según ICMSF. En la marca 1 se observó una disminución significativa (P < 0,05) del número de BAL entre los muestreos, la marca 2 se mantuvo constante, mientras que la marca 3 aumentó significativamente (P < 0,05) entre el primer y segundo muestreo, para mantenerse constante hasta el vencimiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en los ENTC de las marcas 1 y 3, mientras que en la marca 2 se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre la primera fecha y las dos últimas, en las que se incrementó el número de UFC. Los factores marca, tiempo de almacenamiento e interacción de ambos tuvieron un efecto significativo (P < 0,05) sobre el contenido de aminas biógenas, ENTC y BAL. Durante el almacenamiento BAL predominó sobre ENTC. No se encontraron ENTB. Se detectó la presencia de tiramina, histamina, cadaverina y putrescina; las concentraciones de tiramina e histamina encontradas podrían producir intoxicación alimentaria en individuos susceptibles.

Free aminoacids presence, decarboxilating bacteria, temperature and storage time may induce biogenic amine formation. The objective of this research was to determine storage time effect on biogenic amine and bacteria presence in milano type sausage. Nine (9) complete sausages of three brands (3 units per brand) were used, two months from expiration date. Samples were analyzed 60, 30 and 0 days before expiration. Biogenic amines were determined by means of liquid chromatography (HPLC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), enterococci (ENTC) and enterobacteria (ENTB) according to ICMSF. In brand 1 a significant diminishment (P < 0.05) in LAB number, brand 2 remain stable, meanwhile brand 3 raised significantly (P < 0.05) between first and second sampling, and kept this values until expiration date. There were no significant differences in ENTC of brands 1 and 3, but in brand 2, the number raised, and significant differences (P < 0.05) between first and later dates were found. Brand and storage time and interaction between them had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on biogenic amine content, ENTC and LAB. LAB was higher than ENTC during storage. ENTB were not found. Tiramine, histamine, cadaverin and putrescine were detected; tiramine and histamine concentrations could produce a food poisoning in susceptible individuals.